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        <title>Shane Caraway Show</title>
        <link>https://redcircle.com/shows/shane-caraway-show</link>
        <language>en-US</language>
        <copyright>All rights reserved.</copyright>
        <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
        <itunes:summary>Author of the 1787 Project, Shane purifies the historical record by providing the information and context so often omitted from modern discussion. This data is applied directly to modern events, reflecting the importance of history when interpreting our present times.

Own the original research and story of race in America: www.1787Project.com</itunes:summary>
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        <description><![CDATA[<p>Author of the 1787 Project, Shane purifies the historical record by providing the information and context so often omitted from modern discussion. This data is applied directly to modern events, reflecting the importance of history when interpreting our present times.</p><p>Own the original research and story of race in America: www.1787Project.com</p>]]></description>
        
        <itunes:type>episodic</itunes:type>
        <podcast:locked>no</podcast:locked>
        <itunes:owner>
            <itunes:name>Shane Caraway</itunes:name>
            <itunes:email>shanecarawayauthor@gmail.com</itunes:email>
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                <itunes:title>Ep. 35. The Respect for Marriage Act</itunes:title>
                <title>Ep. 35. The Respect for Marriage Act</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The Respect for Marriage Act does not respect any form of marriage. It does not even mention interracial or homosexual marriage, the stated purpose of the bill. Instead of a moral or righteous cause, the Bill only extends the power of the IRS and allows for the political persecution of organizations, institutions, and individuals that defy Leftist ideology.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The Respect for Marriage Act does not respect any form of marriage. It does not even mention interracial or homosexual marriage, the stated purpose of the bill. Instead of a moral or righteous cause, the Bill only extends the power of the IRS and allows for the political persecution of organizations, institutions, and individuals that defy Leftist ideology.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2022 19:06:32 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:duration>1234</itunes:duration>
                
                
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                <itunes:title>Ep. 34. 2022 Midterms Avoid Repeat of 1946-1948</itunes:title>
                <title>Ep. 34. 2022 Midterms Avoid Repeat of 1946-1948</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>While Republican pundits and commentators lament the 2022 election results, they ignore the critical application of the 1948 Presidential campaign. The lack of midterm dominance disarmed the Democratic and Biden especially of their preferred <em>ad hominem</em> assaults that blame their political opposition for the inevitable consequences of the doomed economic policies enacted during the first two years of the Biden Presidency. The parallels mirror those of the 1946-1948 cycle between Truman and the so-called &#34;do nothing&#34; 80th Congress dominated by Republicans that saw the election of Truman in 1948 in one of the greatest electoral upsets in American history.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;While Republican pundits and commentators lament the 2022 election results, they ignore the critical application of the 1948 Presidential campaign. The lack of midterm dominance disarmed the Democratic and Biden especially of their preferred &lt;em&gt;ad hominem&lt;/em&gt; assaults that blame their political opposition for the inevitable consequences of the doomed economic policies enacted during the first two years of the Biden Presidency. The parallels mirror those of the 1946-1948 cycle between Truman and the so-called &amp;#34;do nothing&amp;#34; 80th Congress dominated by Republicans that saw the election of Truman in 1948 in one of the greatest electoral upsets in American history.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 09 Nov 2022 16:03:35 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Weekend Special Ep. 4. The True Face of Great Replacement Theory</itunes:title>
                <title>Weekend Special Ep. 4. The True Face of Great Replacement Theory</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Great Replacement Theory (GRT) is used to malign those who question modern immigration practices, both legal and illegal, as hallmarks of racism and prejudice. Omitted from this conversation is the historical roots of the Democratic Party in perpetuating actual GRT propaganda to uphold slavery and later Jim Crowism and the violent murder of blacks and immigrants seeking employment in Northern industrial cities. </p><p>Hidden behind this facade is a very real political strategy employed openly and lauded by every Leftist-Democrat spokesperson and publication, from the Democrat President Joe Biden to <em>Salon </em>magazine as early as the 2000s.</p><p>One might ask: Why invite Southern Hispanic illegal immigrants and refugees, while outright rejecting Cubans? The answer is a simple one: the acclimation of political power.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Great Replacement Theory (GRT) is used to malign those who question modern immigration practices, both legal and illegal, as hallmarks of racism and prejudice. Omitted from this conversation is the historical roots of the Democratic Party in perpetuating actual GRT propaganda to uphold slavery and later Jim Crowism and the violent murder of blacks and immigrants seeking employment in Northern industrial cities. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hidden behind this facade is a very real political strategy employed openly and lauded by every Leftist-Democrat spokesperson and publication, from the Democrat President Joe Biden to &lt;em&gt;Salon &lt;/em&gt;magazine as early as the 2000s.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;One might ask: Why invite Southern Hispanic illegal immigrants and refugees, while outright rejecting Cubans? The answer is a simple one: the acclimation of political power.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2022 15:42:25 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:duration>3370</itunes:duration>
                
                
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                <itunes:title>Ep. 33. The Democrat Assassin, John Wilkes Booth</itunes:title>
                <title>Ep. 33. The Democrat Assassin, John Wilkes Booth</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Booth gained infamy for assassinated the Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln. Though accurate, this brief summation omits his radicalization through Democrat propaganda, his self-hatred, and desire to elevate himself to the kind of mythologization that followed Old John Brown. Where Brown was the agent of the North and liberty, Boothe personified the Southern slave-holding Confederate Democrats.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Booth gained infamy for assassinated the Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln. Though accurate, this brief summation omits his radicalization through Democrat propaganda, his self-hatred, and desire to elevate himself to the kind of mythologization that followed Old John Brown. Where Brown was the agent of the North and liberty, Boothe personified the Southern slave-holding Confederate Democrats.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sun, 26 Jun 2022 17:40:02 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Ep. 32. Northern Democrat Propaganda in the Civil War</itunes:title>
                <title>Ep. 32. Northern Democrat Propaganda in the Civil War</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Prior to and during the hostilities of the Civil War, Copperhead Democrats used pamphlets and the wide reach of the New York Times and other newspapers to spread their anti-black, racist propaganda. The intent was the same as similar Southern strategies: to foment racial hatred and create social discord for political opportunity.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Prior to and during the hostilities of the Civil War, Copperhead Democrats used pamphlets and the wide reach of the New York Times and other newspapers to spread their anti-black, racist propaganda. The intent was the same as similar Southern strategies: to foment racial hatred and create social discord for political opportunity.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sun, 26 Jun 2022 17:33:41 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 31.  Separation of Church and State</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 31.  Separation of Church and State</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Catapulted into the headines with the recent Supreme Court decision in <em>Carson v. Makin</em>, the Establishment Clause, or the doctrine of separating the church from the state, remains a misunderstood revision of its historical applications. The <em>Makin</em> decision returned the original understanding of the doctrine, distorted by the secular Klansmen judicial activist, Hugo Black, in 1947.  But where did this doctrine originate, and how was it understood before the disastrous <em>Everson</em> decision?</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Catapulted into the headines with the recent Supreme Court decision in &lt;em&gt;Carson v. Makin&lt;/em&gt;, the Establishment Clause, or the doctrine of separating the church from the state, remains a misunderstood revision of its historical applications. The &lt;em&gt;Makin&lt;/em&gt; decision returned the original understanding of the doctrine, distorted by the secular Klansmen judicial activist, Hugo Black, in 1947.  But where did this doctrine originate, and how was it understood before the disastrous &lt;em&gt;Everson&lt;/em&gt; decision?&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 2022 17:02:37 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 30. Understanding Juneteenth</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 30. Understanding Juneteenth</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Often used contemporarily as a tool to malign America and the Republican Party, a brief examination reveals Juneteenth to be a positive reflection of both the nation and the party responsible for ending slavery and defeating the despotism of the Democratic Party.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Often used contemporarily as a tool to malign America and the Republican Party, a brief examination reveals Juneteenth to be a positive reflection of both the nation and the party responsible for ending slavery and defeating the despotism of the Democratic Party.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sun, 19 Jun 2022 17:58:13 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Weekend Special Episode 3.  Sensationalist Rhetoric &amp; Civil War</itunes:title>
                <title>Weekend Special Episode 3.  Sensationalist Rhetoric &amp; Civil War</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Democrat politicians claim that Republicans being elected would elevate white supremacy and stoke a civil war.  These notions are absurd, but impactful, and form the entire historical strategy of the Democratic Party beginning with their sycophantic obsession with enslaving blacks.  Examining the use of similar language since the party&#39;s inception highlights the very real danger of such rhetoric, its purpose, designs, and means of application.  Historically, this had led to civil war, lynching, and massive riots.  Presently, we have had the riots, so what comes next?</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Democrat politicians claim that Republicans being elected would elevate white supremacy and stoke a civil war.  These notions are absurd, but impactful, and form the entire historical strategy of the Democratic Party beginning with their sycophantic obsession with enslaving blacks.  Examining the use of similar language since the party&amp;#39;s inception highlights the very real danger of such rhetoric, its purpose, designs, and means of application.  Historically, this had led to civil war, lynching, and massive riots.  Presently, we have had the riots, so what comes next?&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sun, 19 Jun 2022 16:55:21 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 29.  The Real Insurrection: Wilmington, NC</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 29.  The Real Insurrection: Wilmington, NC</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                <itunes:summary>With the growing sensationalism surrounding the civil disobedience on January 6th, 2021, it is worth highlighting the only actual insurrection in American history.  Unlike present distortions, this insurrection was organized and plotted by a political organization and used violence, murder, and terror to place unelected party officials into positions of elected office.  It was heavily predicated on white supremacy and anti-Republican hatred and serves as a useful foil to the present narrative that seeks to define political opposition as insurrectionary forces.</itunes:summary>
                <description><![CDATA[<p>With the growing sensationalism surrounding the civil disobedience on January 6th, 2021, it is worth highlighting the only actual insurrection in American history.  Unlike present distortions, this insurrection was organized and plotted by a political organization and used violence, murder, and terror to place unelected party officials into positions of elected office.  It was heavily predicated on white supremacy and anti-Republican hatred and serves as a useful foil to the present narrative that seeks to define political opposition as insurrectionary forces.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;With the growing sensationalism surrounding the civil disobedience on January 6th, 2021, it is worth highlighting the only actual insurrection in American history.  Unlike present distortions, this insurrection was organized and plotted by a political organization and used violence, murder, and terror to place unelected party officials into positions of elected office.  It was heavily predicated on white supremacy and anti-Republican hatred and serves as a useful foil to the present narrative that seeks to define political opposition as insurrectionary forces.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sun, 19 Jun 2022 16:49:38 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 28. Should the Flag be Respected?</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 28. Should the Flag be Respected?</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>In my young life I refused to cross my heart or pledge allegiance to the flag. The reason for this was ignorance resulting from a weak public education system. Was this an error of youth, or is the flag truly unworthy of respect and honor?</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;In my young life I refused to cross my heart or pledge allegiance to the flag. The reason for this was ignorance resulting from a weak public education system. Was this an error of youth, or is the flag truly unworthy of respect and honor?&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jun 2022 16:20:43 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 27. Border Defense, Natural Rights, &amp; Good Government</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 27. Border Defense, Natural Rights, &amp; Good Government</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Many arguments surrounding the construction of a border wall focus on emotional appeals of &#34;fairness&#34; or absurd, anthropomorphic fallacies that declare that a wall is &#34;racist.&#34; Instead, the subject is addressed as it should be: in the context of natural rights theory and good government as it was defined and understood at the Founding.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Many arguments surrounding the construction of a border wall focus on emotional appeals of &amp;#34;fairness&amp;#34; or absurd, anthropomorphic fallacies that declare that a wall is &amp;#34;racist.&amp;#34; Instead, the subject is addressed as it should be: in the context of natural rights theory and good government as it was defined and understood at the Founding.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jun 2022 15:23:24 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:duration>727</itunes:duration>
                
                
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                <itunes:title>Episode 26. The Haitian Genocide</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 26. The Haitian Genocide</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The history of Haiti is often purified for modern consumption, omitting the abject poverty, tyranny, and yes even slavery that resulted from its revolutionary insurrection against France.  These revolutionaries conducted a massive white genocide spanning over several years and changes in leadership, destroying their economy in the process.  American is often maligned as the harbinger of Haiti&#39;s downfall; this is false.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The history of Haiti is often purified for modern consumption, omitting the abject poverty, tyranny, and yes even slavery that resulted from its revolutionary insurrection against France.  These revolutionaries conducted a massive white genocide spanning over several years and changes in leadership, destroying their economy in the process.  American is often maligned as the harbinger of Haiti&amp;#39;s downfall; this is false.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jun 2022 15:15:02 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 25. 1850 Fugitive Slave Act</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 25. 1850 Fugitive Slave Act</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The 1850 Slave Act, or Bloodhound Law, galvanized anti-slavery sentiment in the North and serves as the most grotesque abuse spearheaded by the Democratic slave-powers.  This law forced states and citizens to act as Federal law enforcement to capture slaves, yet despite this apparent victory for te pro-slavery Democratic States,  the application of Constitutional principles was maligned as violence against their prized institution and their citizens.  The great Frederick Douglass highlighted the horrors of this act and the slave-power more generally by using the Founding and Framers as an effective foil, highlighting the deviation away from Founding principles by the party of Calhounism.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The 1850 Slave Act, or Bloodhound Law, galvanized anti-slavery sentiment in the North and serves as the most grotesque abuse spearheaded by the Democratic slave-powers.  This law forced states and citizens to act as Federal law enforcement to capture slaves, yet despite this apparent victory for te pro-slavery Democratic States,  the application of Constitutional principles was maligned as violence against their prized institution and their citizens.  The great Frederick Douglass highlighted the horrors of this act and the slave-power more generally by using the Founding and Framers as an effective foil, highlighting the deviation away from Founding principles by the party of Calhounism.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sun, 12 Jun 2022 19:47:23 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 24.  Democrat Zepheniah Kingsley</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 24.  Democrat Zepheniah Kingsley</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Kingsley is a unique specter in the sordid history of the Democratic Party slave-power. Unlike his contemporaries, Kingsley sought to breed blacks and whites to create a super-race of humans. He passionately argued for the creation of a slave-utopia, combining perverted elements of Aristotelian natural slavery, Platonic selective breeding, and Ottoman breeding &amp; military usage of slaves.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Kingsley is a unique specter in the sordid history of the Democratic Party slave-power. Unlike his contemporaries, Kingsley sought to breed blacks and whites to create a super-race of humans. He passionately argued for the creation of a slave-utopia, combining perverted elements of Aristotelian natural slavery, Platonic selective breeding, and Ottoman breeding &amp;amp; military usage of slaves.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sun, 12 Jun 2022 19:44:13 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Weekend Special Episode 2.  Gun Control &amp; The 2A</itunes:title>
                <title>Weekend Special Episode 2.  Gun Control &amp; The 2A</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                <itunes:summary>Both dominant positions in modern ongoing disagreements concerning the Second Amendment and the constitutionality of firearms restrictions tend to ignore the deeply-rooted history and philosophy that predated the structure and intent of the Second Amendment. Critically, the Second Amendment was instituted as a solution to Congressional control of state militias, effectively creating a national army. The Second Amendment was a natural and logical extension of natural rights theory concerning the right to life, and with it, the right to defend and preserve that life. There was no discussion at the Founding or after about firearm restrictions and no notion that the Federal government should ever have the authority to do so.

In the modern discourse, stats are selectively chosen, and deceptive language adopted in order to push a false narrative maligning the United States as a country rife with violent crime and firearm homicides. None of the proposals being presented would rectify any of the presumed issues at play; perhaps most alarming, the restrictions being presented on rifles seek to apply 1968 handgun laws to rifles. However, an examination of all of the data surrounding firearms and their usage in the United States defeats the common narrative and highlights the absurdity of current proposals, beyond their anti-constitutional roots. This leaves one to question the motivation behind these laws if they would have no impact on firearm homicides and mass shootings. Potential answers are also explored in observance of the historical record, both within and without the United States.

Similar arguments are also presented on www.1787Project.com:  https://www.1787project.com/post/the-danger-of-meme-argumentation</itunes:summary>
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Both dominant positions in modern ongoing disagreements concerning the Second Amendment and the constitutionality of firearms restrictions tend to ignore the deeply-rooted history and philosophy that predated the structure and intent of the Second Amendment. Critically, the Second Amendment was instituted as a solution to Congressional control of state militias, effectively creating a national army. The Second Amendment was a natural and logical extension of natural rights theory concerning the right to life, and with it, the right to defend and preserve that life. There was no discussion at the Founding or after about firearm restrictions and no notion that the Federal government should ever have the authority to do so.</p><p>In the modern discourse, stats are selectively chosen, and deceptive language adopted in order to push a false narrative maligning the United States as a country rife with violent crime and firearm homicides. None of the proposals being presented would rectify any of the presumed issues at play; perhaps most alarming, the restrictions being presented on rifles seek to apply 1968 handgun laws to rifles. However, an examination of all of the data surrounding firearms and their usage in the United States defeats the common narrative and highlights the absurdity of current proposals, beyond their anti-constitutional roots. This leaves one to question the motivation behind these laws if they would have no impact on firearm homicides and mass shootings. Potential answers are also explored in observance of the historical record, both within and without the United States.</p><p>Similar arguments are also presented on www.1787Project.com: https://www.1787project.com/post/the-danger-of-meme-argumentation</p><p>Useful TimeStamps:</p><p>4:00 - Purpose of 2nd Amendment to Balance Congressional/National Army</p><p>15:35 - Separation of &#34;Militia&#34; from &#34;citizens&#34; and &#34;People&#34;</p><p>24:00 - The Essentialism of Armed Citizenry to Healthy Governance</p><p>42:00 - History of Gun Confiscation in America</p><p>53:00 - 2A and Natural Rights</p><p>1:00:00 - Racist History of Gun Restrictions</p><p>1:11:00 - Contemporary Gun Restriction Debates &amp; Misinformation</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Both dominant positions in modern ongoing disagreements concerning the Second Amendment and the constitutionality of firearms restrictions tend to ignore the deeply-rooted history and philosophy that predated the structure and intent of the Second Amendment. Critically, the Second Amendment was instituted as a solution to Congressional control of state militias, effectively creating a national army. The Second Amendment was a natural and logical extension of natural rights theory concerning the right to life, and with it, the right to defend and preserve that life. There was no discussion at the Founding or after about firearm restrictions and no notion that the Federal government should ever have the authority to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the modern discourse, stats are selectively chosen, and deceptive language adopted in order to push a false narrative maligning the United States as a country rife with violent crime and firearm homicides. None of the proposals being presented would rectify any of the presumed issues at play; perhaps most alarming, the restrictions being presented on rifles seek to apply 1968 handgun laws to rifles. However, an examination of all of the data surrounding firearms and their usage in the United States defeats the common narrative and highlights the absurdity of current proposals, beyond their anti-constitutional roots. This leaves one to question the motivation behind these laws if they would have no impact on firearm homicides and mass shootings. Potential answers are also explored in observance of the historical record, both within and without the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Similar arguments are also presented on www.1787Project.com: https://www.1787project.com/post/the-danger-of-meme-argumentation&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Useful TimeStamps:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;4:00 - Purpose of 2nd Amendment to Balance Congressional/National Army&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;15:35 - Separation of &amp;#34;Militia&amp;#34; from &amp;#34;citizens&amp;#34; and &amp;#34;People&amp;#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;24:00 - The Essentialism of Armed Citizenry to Healthy Governance&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;42:00 - History of Gun Confiscation in America&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;53:00 - 2A and Natural Rights&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1:00:00 - Racist History of Gun Restrictions&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1:11:00 - Contemporary Gun Restriction Debates &amp;amp; Misinformation&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sun, 12 Jun 2022 19:34:12 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 23. Slavery as a Positive Good</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 23. Slavery as a Positive Good</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The governing philosophy of the Democratic Party in the Antebellum Era was Calhounism, the protection and expansion of slavery.  One of the chief tenets of this argument was the Positive Good, insisting that slavery was the best possible means for slaves to live.  A component of this was the influx of German philosophy and Babeufism through so-called &#34;wage slavery&#34; in free states.  Democrats insisted that slavery was a superior system to free labor; did Engels, Babeuf, and others agree?</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The governing philosophy of the Democratic Party in the Antebellum Era was Calhounism, the protection and expansion of slavery.  One of the chief tenets of this argument was the Positive Good, insisting that slavery was the best possible means for slaves to live.  A component of this was the influx of German philosophy and Babeufism through so-called &amp;#34;wage slavery&amp;#34; in free states.  Democrats insisted that slavery was a superior system to free labor; did Engels, Babeuf, and others agree?&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jun 2022 14:03:43 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 22.  The Amistad</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 22.  The Amistad</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The story of the Spanish slave-trading vessel, <em>Amistad</em>, and the rescue of abducted Africans by an American slave-patrol is often overlooked or ignored. Why is this?  A factual account brings honor to America and its Founders, but also illustrates what may be the earliest overt example of Democratic Party slave-expansionist political maneuvers.  </p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The story of the Spanish slave-trading vessel, &lt;em&gt;Amistad&lt;/em&gt;, and the rescue of abducted Africans by an American slave-patrol is often overlooked or ignored. Why is this?  A factual account brings honor to America and its Founders, but also illustrates what may be the earliest overt example of Democratic Party slave-expansionist political maneuvers.  &lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Mon, 06 Jun 2022 15:29:52 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:duration>1010</itunes:duration>
                
                
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                <itunes:title>Weekend Special Episode 1.  Let&#39;s Talk About Abortion</itunes:title>
                <title>Weekend Special Episode 1.  Let&#39;s Talk About Abortion</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>In this Weekend Special, we travel from a historical focus on slavery to the modern day, addressing the resurrected monster of abortion in popular discourse.  Many pro-abortion advocates cite the colinoal era, constitution, and Founding as indicators of a right to abortion, and even decry those who oppose abortion as white supremacists and racists.  But what does history teach us, and how does this mix with natural rights theory and existing law?  Let&#39;s explore this subject outside of moral or religious arguments and see if it can withstand a philosophical and historical examination.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;In this Weekend Special, we travel from a historical focus on slavery to the modern day, addressing the resurrected monster of abortion in popular discourse.  Many pro-abortion advocates cite the colinoal era, constitution, and Founding as indicators of a right to abortion, and even decry those who oppose abortion as white supremacists and racists.  But what does history teach us, and how does this mix with natural rights theory and existing law?  Let&amp;#39;s explore this subject outside of moral or religious arguments and see if it can withstand a philosophical and historical examination.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sun, 05 Jun 2022 15:47:30 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:duration>1766</itunes:duration>
                
                
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                <itunes:title>Episode 21. Pro-Slavery Democrat Activism</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 21. Pro-Slavery Democrat Activism</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Evidenced in previous episodes, the Democratic Party pursued slave-expansionism to the detriment and risk to the Union.  Numerous small instances also occurred, including the violent assault of an anti-slavery statesmen in the Senate chambers, the burning of Federal postage, and the adoption of House rules to prohibit anti-slavery petitions.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Evidenced in previous episodes, the Democratic Party pursued slave-expansionism to the detriment and risk to the Union.  Numerous small instances also occurred, including the violent assault of an anti-slavery statesmen in the Senate chambers, the burning of Federal postage, and the adoption of House rules to prohibit anti-slavery petitions.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sat, 04 Jun 2022 16:39:52 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:duration>1080</itunes:duration>
                
                
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                <itunes:title>Episode 20. The Ostend Manifesto</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 20. The Ostend Manifesto</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>A secret communication was made public that exposed previous and ongoing attempts by the slave-power Democrats to acquire new territory for slavery, first through purchase and then through manufactured crises and military invasion.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;A secret communication was made public that exposed previous and ongoing attempts by the slave-power Democrats to acquire new territory for slavery, first through purchase and then through manufactured crises and military invasion.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sat, 04 Jun 2022 16:36:02 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 19. The Mexican-American War</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 19. The Mexican-American War</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>When clandestine diplomacy failed, the Democratic administration found a new means of acquiring additional slave territory: orchestrating a physical conflict to justify a declaration of war and conquest.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;When clandestine diplomacy failed, the Democratic administration found a new means of acquiring additional slave territory: orchestrating a physical conflict to justify a declaration of war and conquest.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sat, 04 Jun 2022 16:31:59 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 18. Slave-Expansionism: Texas Annexation</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 18. Slave-Expansionism: Texas Annexation</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>In observance of its guiding philosophy in Calhounism, the Democratic Party sought to expand slavery into new territories and regions.  This evolved to include the use of Federal resources to purchase, annex, and invade.  The first major occurrence of this expansionism occurred with the annexation of Texas.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;In observance of its guiding philosophy in Calhounism, the Democratic Party sought to expand slavery into new territories and regions.  This evolved to include the use of Federal resources to purchase, annex, and invade.  The first major occurrence of this expansionism occurred with the annexation of Texas.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sat, 04 Jun 2022 16:27:41 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 17.  John Brown &amp; Harper&#39;s Ferry</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 17.  John Brown &amp; Harper&#39;s Ferry</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>This second Episode detailing John Brown brings his legacy to a conclusion with an unsuccessful raid on Harper&#39;s Ferry, a Federal armory.  Modern revisionists and pro-slavery radicals at the time describe Brown as a bloodthirsty domestic terrorist, but his conversations with Frederick Douglass and his court transcripts reveal a much different motive.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;This second Episode detailing John Brown brings his legacy to a conclusion with an unsuccessful raid on Harper&amp;#39;s Ferry, a Federal armory.  Modern revisionists and pro-slavery radicals at the time describe Brown as a bloodthirsty domestic terrorist, but his conversations with Frederick Douglass and his court transcripts reveal a much different motive.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Sat, 04 Jun 2022 16:17:09 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 16.  &#34;Captain&#34; John Brown</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 16.  &#34;Captain&#34; John Brown</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>John Brown was the most mythical figure to arise from Bleeding Kansas, but his tale begins decades earlier as a Conductor on the Underground Railroad and an organizer of self-defense clubs for escaped slaves and free blacks.  Though often maligned as a political terrorist, a close examination of the Congressional reports at the time describe an unrevised version of events that paint a much different picture.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;John Brown was the most mythical figure to arise from Bleeding Kansas, but his tale begins decades earlier as a Conductor on the Underground Railroad and an organizer of self-defense clubs for escaped slaves and free blacks.  Though often maligned as a political terrorist, a close examination of the Congressional reports at the time describe an unrevised version of events that paint a much different picture.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jun 2022 15:41:30 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 15.  Bleeding Kansas &amp; Pure Democracy</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 15.  Bleeding Kansas &amp; Pure Democracy</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>A trial-run for the Civil War, Bleeding Kansas was a series of violent confrontations, electoral fraud, and political intrigue extended from the Democratic Party&#39;s demands at expanding and protecting slavery.  These events would continue until 1861 when Democratic states seceded from the Union, taking with them their opposition of Kansas entering the Union as a free state.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;A trial-run for the Civil War, Bleeding Kansas was a series of violent confrontations, electoral fraud, and political intrigue extended from the Democratic Party&amp;#39;s demands at expanding and protecting slavery.  These events would continue until 1861 when Democratic states seceded from the Union, taking with them their opposition of Kansas entering the Union as a free state.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jun 2022 15:33:07 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 14. Popular Sovereignty, Democracy, &amp; Slavery</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 14. Popular Sovereignty, Democracy, &amp; Slavery</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Direct democracy was first weaponized in the early life of the nation by Democrats in pursuit of spreading slavery into new territories in defiance of the Founding doctrine. History illustrates the dangers of majoritarian tyranny, especially as it was and is incompatable to a free society premised on individual liberty.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Direct democracy was first weaponized in the early life of the nation by Democrats in pursuit of spreading slavery into new territories in defiance of the Founding doctrine. History illustrates the dangers of majoritarian tyranny, especially as it was and is incompatable to a free society premised on individual liberty.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jun 2022 14:21:19 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 13. Natural Rights vs Positive Freedoms</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 13. Natural Rights vs Positive Freedoms</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The Founders observed and insisted on the natural rights of Americans, existent beyond the scope of government and meant to protect the individual from government and society alike. The Progressive Era saw a massive turn away from civil rights and towards government-sponsored, subjective privilege. This process began much earlier with claims made by leading Democrats that slavery was the right of the white, Southern man.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The Founders observed and insisted on the natural rights of Americans, existent beyond the scope of government and meant to protect the individual from government and society alike. The Progressive Era saw a massive turn away from civil rights and towards government-sponsored, subjective privilege. This process began much earlier with claims made by leading Democrats that slavery was the right of the white, Southern man.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jun 2022 14:08:05 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 12. The Slave-Socialist George Fitzhugh</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 12. The Slave-Socialist George Fitzhugh</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>One of a number of pro-slavery Democrats belonging to the infamous Fire-Eaters, Fitzhugh argued that institutionalized slavery was the solution to the social problems presented by Socialists.  Alongside the Left Hegelianism and Babeufism already present and growing in the Democratic Party, Fitzhugh incorporated socialism as the best form of slavery.  </p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;One of a number of pro-slavery Democrats belonging to the infamous Fire-Eaters, Fitzhugh argued that institutionalized slavery was the solution to the social problems presented by Socialists.  Alongside the Left Hegelianism and Babeufism already present and growing in the Democratic Party, Fitzhugh incorporated socialism as the best form of slavery.  &lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 18:58:04 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 11. Formation of Political Parties</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 11. Formation of Political Parties</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The issue of slavery embodied an even larger ideological disagreement over the purpose of good government, the essence of natural rights, and the Founding doctrine. The fracturing and formation of political parties reflected this ongoing fragmentation, perpetuated through the rise of radical pro-slavery Calhounist Democrats and the formation of the two major American political parties.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The issue of slavery embodied an even larger ideological disagreement over the purpose of good government, the essence of natural rights, and the Founding doctrine. The fracturing and formation of political parties reflected this ongoing fragmentation, perpetuated through the rise of radical pro-slavery Calhounist Democrats and the formation of the two major American political parties.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 18:41:59 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 10. Calhounism</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 10. Calhounism</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Calhounism was the Democratic Party ideology that permanently transformed the understanding of slavery away from a necessary evil en route to its ultimate extinction into a prized institution meant to be protected and spread.  Its progenator, John C. Calhoun, was one of the most articualte statesman in American history and remade the Democratic Party into the driving force for white supremacy and slavery and laid the ideological foundation for Jim Crow in the 20th century.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Calhounism was the Democratic Party ideology that permanently transformed the understanding of slavery away from a necessary evil en route to its ultimate extinction into a prized institution meant to be protected and spread.  Its progenator, John C. Calhoun, was one of the most articualte statesman in American history and remade the Democratic Party into the driving force for white supremacy and slavery and laid the ideological foundation for Jim Crow in the 20th century.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 18:34:37 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 9.  Environmental Determinism</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 9.  Environmental Determinism</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>One of the most long-lasting tenets of scientific racism was environmental or climate determinism. This theory sought to explain and apply broad, sweeping prejudices towards whole populations predicated solely on their regional climate and geography. This particular form of scientific racism continues to the modern day.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;One of the most long-lasting tenets of scientific racism was environmental or climate determinism. This theory sought to explain and apply broad, sweeping prejudices towards whole populations predicated solely on their regional climate and geography. This particular form of scientific racism continues to the modern day.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 18:28:51 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:duration>537</itunes:duration>
                
                
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                <itunes:title>Episode 8.  Natural Rights Theory &amp; The Founding Era</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 8.  Natural Rights Theory &amp; The Founding Era</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The theory of natural rights evolved from natural law and arose as a rejection of many of its principles, including the divine right to monarchies.  As a product of the Enlightenment, natural rights theory became the cornerstone of the Founding doctrine.  But what are natural rights, and how are they defined or understood?</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The theory of natural rights evolved from natural law and arose as a rejection of many of its principles, including the divine right to monarchies.  As a product of the Enlightenment, natural rights theory became the cornerstone of the Founding doctrine.  But what are natural rights, and how are they defined or understood?&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 18:18:45 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:duration>1642</itunes:duration>
                
                
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                <itunes:title>Episode 7.  The Theory of Natural Slavery</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 7.  The Theory of Natural Slavery</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Slavery was posited to a natural extension of the human condition, reflecting the heirarchial structures that governed animals and religious doctrines concerning Heavenly ranks.  This argument was one of the principal justifications used by pro-slavery advocates in attempts to explain and support their preferred racial caste system, but like so many others, they selectively omitted the most vital elements of this theory, especially as it was communicated by Aristotle.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Slavery was posited to a natural extension of the human condition, reflecting the heirarchial structures that governed animals and religious doctrines concerning Heavenly ranks.  This argument was one of the principal justifications used by pro-slavery advocates in attempts to explain and support their preferred racial caste system, but like so many others, they selectively omitted the most vital elements of this theory, especially as it was communicated by Aristotle.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 15:06:11 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:duration>847</itunes:duration>
                
                
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                <itunes:title>Episode 6. The Fugitive Slave Clause</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 6. The Fugitive Slave Clause</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The final of the three slave-clauses in the Constitution, the Fugitive Slave Clause is a masterful display of wordcraft by the Framers that assuaged the Southern slave-states while providing no enforceable mechanisms to capture or return escaped slaves.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The final of the three slave-clauses in the Constitution, the Fugitive Slave Clause is a masterful display of wordcraft by the Framers that assuaged the Southern slave-states while providing no enforceable mechanisms to capture or return escaped slaves.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 15:01:50 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 5. The Three-Fifths Compromise</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 5. The Three-Fifths Compromise</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The Three-Fifths Compromise is often elevated as the most powerful evidence against the Constitution as a document for citizenship equality and restrictions on slavery.  This position, however, is untenable with an examination of the clause itself.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The Three-Fifths Compromise is often elevated as the most powerful evidence against the Constitution as a document for citizenship equality and restrictions on slavery.  This position, however, is untenable with an examination of the clause itself.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 14:54:55 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 4. The Slave Trade Clause</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 4. The Slave Trade Clause</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The Slave Trade Clause was one of the three &#34;slave clauses&#34; in the Constitution. It allowed for a slave-only fee, a guarantee of Federal slave-trade prohibition by 1808, and worked synergistically with other clauses to disincentivize and damage the slave trade.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The Slave Trade Clause was one of the three &amp;#34;slave clauses&amp;#34; in the Constitution. It allowed for a slave-only fee, a guarantee of Federal slave-trade prohibition by 1808, and worked synergistically with other clauses to disincentivize and damage the slave trade.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 14:50:41 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 3.  The Anti-Slavery Constitution</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 3.  The Anti-Slavery Constitution</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The Constitution is often harangued by historical revisionists as a tool of white supremacy and slavery.  This broad overview examines this position, an analysis carried into the three &#34;slave clauses&#34; of the Constitution: The Slave Trade Clause, Three-Fifths Compromise, and Fugitive Slave Act.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The Constitution is often harangued by historical revisionists as a tool of white supremacy and slavery.  This broad overview examines this position, an analysis carried into the three &amp;#34;slave clauses&amp;#34; of the Constitution: The Slave Trade Clause, Three-Fifths Compromise, and Fugitive Slave Act.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 14:46:16 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 2. The Anti-Slavery Declaration</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 2. The Anti-Slavery Declaration</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>The Declaration of Independence defined America as an exception to human historical experience: a nation founded on the understanding of human equality, defying social caste and monarchy. However, these ideals would be decred and berrated by Democrats who sought to expand and protect slavery. Later Democrats, namely Stephen Douglas, would attempt to pervert and distort the historical roots of the Founding in an attempt to support the pro-slavery position of himself and his party.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;The Declaration of Independence defined America as an exception to human historical experience: a nation founded on the understanding of human equality, defying social caste and monarchy. However, these ideals would be decred and berrated by Democrats who sought to expand and protect slavery. Later Democrats, namely Stephen Douglas, would attempt to pervert and distort the historical roots of the Founding in an attempt to support the pro-slavery position of himself and his party.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2022 13:11:02 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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                <itunes:title>Episode 1.  Colonial Slavery</itunes:title>
                <title>Episode 1.  Colonial Slavery</title>

                
                
                <itunes:author>Shane Caraway</itunes:author>
                
                <description><![CDATA[<p>Many conversations concerning slavery in American history do not begin until 1776, selectively omitting over 250 years of transplanted, coerced slavery that predated the Declaration.  This context is critical in understanding the Founding and establishing an informed understanding of the institution and its major players at the time.  Ultimately, the colonies that would later form the United States were responsible for a tiny share of the larger slave trade, forced to maintain and support the slave-trade by its mother nation, the British empire.</p>]]></description>
                <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;Many conversations concerning slavery in American history do not begin until 1776, selectively omitting over 250 years of transplanted, coerced slavery that predated the Declaration.  This context is critical in understanding the Founding and establishing an informed understanding of the institution and its major players at the time.  Ultimately, the colonies that would later form the United States were responsible for a tiny share of the larger slave trade, forced to maintain and support the slave-trade by its mother nation, the British empire.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
                
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                <pubDate>Mon, 30 May 2022 15:24:13 &#43;0000</pubDate>
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