Tyler and Saoirse discuss independent freemen, dependent workers, and slaves in medieval Ireland, and things get a wee bit political.

Main topics addressed: status and professions for the non-nemed ('noble'/privileged) classes in early medieval Ireland.

This episode includes swearing and we discuss connections we perceive between the medieval situation and potentially contentious current world issues including racism, immigration, and fascism.

References and Suggested Media:

Boyle, Elizabeth. Fierce Appetites (London: Penguin, 2023)

CARANTES: https://carantes.org/

Derrick, J. The Image of Irelande (1581)

Gerriets, Marilyn. 'Money in Early Christian Ireland according to the Irish Laws', Comparative Studies in Society and History 27.2 (1985), 323-39 at 327

Gray, Elizabeth. Cath Maige Tuired: The Second Battle of Mag Tuired electronic ed (Cork: CELT, 2023) <https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T300010/index.html>

Kelly, F. A Guide to Early Irish Law (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 2020), pp. 51-67, 91-98

Watson, J. Carmichael (ed.), William M. Hennessy (English trans.), and Tadhg Ó Síocháin (Modern Irish trans.), Mesca Ulad: The Intoxication of the Ultonians, electronic edn (Cork: Irish Sagas Online), §37 <https://iso.ucc.ie/Mesca-ulad/Mesca-ulad-text.html#Section_37>

Main topics addressed: patriarchy, misogyny, women, and children in early medieval Ireland.

This episode includes sexual references and swearing.

References and Suggested Media:

‘Debility of the Ultonian Warriors’ in Hull, Eleanor, The Cuchullin Saga in Irish Literature (London: David Nutt, 1898).

Fitzsimmons, F. ‘Fosterage and Gossiprid in Late Medieval Ireland: Some New Evidence’ in Duffy, P. J., Edwards, D. and FitzPatrick, E. (eds.) Gaelic Ireland c. 1250-1650: Land, Lordship, and Settlement (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001), pp. 138–149.

‘How Cú Chulainn was Begotten’ in Kinsella, T. The Táin (Oxford, 1969), pp. 23–25.

Kelly, Fergus. A Guide to Early Irish Law (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 2020), especially pp. 68–79.

Kelly, Patricia. ‘The Táin as Literature’ in Mallory, J. P. (ed.) Aspects of the Táin (Belfast: December Publications, 1992), pp. 69–102 (pp. 77–84, especially 79–80).

Meyer, K. The Wooing of Emer by Cú Chulainn electronic ed. (Cork: CELT, 2004, 2008). https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T301021/index.html [Accessed 31 Aug 2025]. 

Ní Bhrolcháin, M. ‘Re Tóin Mná: In Pursuit of Troublesome Women’ in Ulidia 1, pp. 115–122. (especially bottom of 116–117). https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/4643/ [Accessed 31 Aug 2025].

Ní Chonaill, B. ‘Fosterage: Child-Rearing in Medieval Ireland’, History Ireland 5.1 (1997), 28–31.

‘Noínden Ulad ocus Emuin Macha: The Debility of the Ulstermen’, ed. by R. I. Best & Osborn Bergin, The Book of Leinster, formerly Lebar na Núachongbála, Vol. 2 (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1956), pp. 467–468; english trans. by George Henderson, Leabhar nan Gleann: The Book of the Glens; with Zimmer on Pictish Matriachy (Edinburgh: Norman Macleod, 1898), pp. 304–307; Modern Irish version supplied by Tadhg Ó Síocháin. https://iso.ucc.ie/Noinden-ulad/Noinden-ulad-index.html [Accessed 31 Aug 2025].

Ó Brolcháin Carmody, Isolde. ‘The Fairs of Early Irish Society’, Story Archaeology (blog), 9 Jul 2012. https://storyarchaeology.com/beidh-aenach-amarach/ [Accessed 31 Aug 2025].

Ó Corráin, Donnchadh. ‘Women and the Law in Early Ireland’ in Chattel, Servant or Citizen: Women’s Status in Church, State and Society, ed. by Mary O’Dowd and Sabine Wichert, Historical Studies 19 (Belfast, 1995), pp. 45–57. https://celt.ucc.ie/women_law.html [Accessed 16 Aug 2025].

Stokes, Whitley (trans.), ‘The Destruction of Dá Derga’s Hostel’ in The Celtic Heroic Age, ed. by J. T. Koch and John Carey, 4th edn (Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications, 2003), pp. 166–184.

Stokes, Whitley (ed. and trans.), ‘The Tidings of Conchobar Mac Nessa’, Ériu 4 (1910), 18–38.

Wycherley, Niamh. ‘Law and Society with Prof. Liam Breatnach’, The Medieval Irish History Podcast, 20 Dec 2024. https://open.spotify.com/episode/10nfUgLHjZLLM9f46O0Wpb?si=a382c8ee01a94f98 [Accessed 31 Aug 2025].

Transcript:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EOtiCLShaFOzGdlKntrBoXunSOgJ8NlhPCWf1HPYJis/edit?usp=sharing

Main topics addressed: poets, seers, praise poetry, satire, ominous background characters, working in a bar

This episode includes sexual references and swearing.

References and Suggested Media:

Binchy, D. A. ‘The Date and Provenance of Uraicecht Becc’, Ériu 18 (1958), 44-56

Breatnach, Liam. Uraicecht na Ríar: The Poetic Grades in Early Irish Law (Dublin: DIAS, 1987).

Gwynn, Edward. ‘Sinann I’ and ‘Sinann II’ in The Metrical Dindshenchas vol 2, electronic ed. (Cork: CELT  2004, 2008), pp. 288-299. (Irish / English)

Kelly, F. A Guide to Early Irish Law (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 2020).

Knott, Eleanor. 1916. ‘Why Mongán was Deprived of Noble Issue’, Ériu 8, 156-160, available at https://iso.ucc.ie/Scela-mongain/Scela-mongain-text.html

Ní Chatháin, Próinséas. ‘Some Themes in Early Irish Lyric Poetry’, Irish University Review 22(1) (1992), 3-12 (p. 5).

 Nutt, Alfred and Meyer, Kuno. The Voyage of Bran (London: D. Nutt, 1895), pp. 49-52. https://archive.org/details/cu31924096849629/page/n73/mode/2up

Transcript:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PrI-g_u5Thi7-wks6giZFAjwHGedEgWiQ-fsl0Nzfj4/edit?usp=sharing

Main topics addressed: kingship, early Irish law

References and Suggested Media:

The additional music is ‘The Theme of Law & Order’ by Mike Post, 1990.

Binchy, D. A. 1952. ‘The Saga of Fergus Mac Léti’, Ériu 16, 33-48 (pp. 39-44)

Binchy, D. A. 1954. ‘Secular Institutions’, Early Irish Society 8, 52-65

Kelly, F. A Guide to Early Irish Law (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 2020), pp. 17-26

McLeod, Neil. 2011. ‘Fergus Mac Léti and the Law’, Ériu 61, 1-27

Transcript:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Y2ViHAF_a5aZvUbmC4D0-g4d0ytEzITrdlrz1DSHAd0/edit?usp=sharing

Main topics addressed: Irish petty kingdoms, cow-based currency, the social (and legal) hierarchy, kinship

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wm5oW5IHKKLWuq-GPp6wqtpF5zQINkxCrEQyumujzLI/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

Best, R. I. ‘The Settling of the Manor of Tara’, Ériu 4 (1910), 121-172.

Kelly, F. A Guide to Early Irish Law (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 2020).

McLeod, N. ‘Kinship’, Ériu 51 (2000), 1-22.

Main topics addressed: manuscripts, Early Irish Law (Brehon Law)

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_S03Lgi2WFZZ6vWfQZtEI4hGjavHkeCc-GjBqbVRCSc/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

Best, R. I. 1910. ‘The Settling of the Manor of Tara’, Ériu 4, pp. 121-172

Carey, John. 1994. ‘An Edition of the Pseudo-Historical Prologue to the Senchas Már’, Ériu 45, pp. 1-32.

Cross, T. P. & Brown, A. C. L. . 1918. ‘Fíngen’s Night Watch’, The Romanic Review IX, §4

Kelly, F. 2020. A Guide to Early Irish Law. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, especially pp. 225-241.

Macalister, R. A. S. (1939) Lebor Gabála Érenn vol 2. Dublin: Educational Co. of Ireland. pp. 181, 197, and 203.

Medieval Irish History Podcast on law and society: https://open.spotify.com/episode/10nfUgLHjZLLM9f46O0Wpb?si=feb8ec51bc31456b 

Main topics addressed: manuscripts, codicology, palaeography

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_S03Lgi2WFZZ6vWfQZtEI4hGjavHkeCc-GjBqbVRCSc/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

Helsen, Kate. ‘Codicology’ video lecture. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVDvpfXbOdg

Helsen, Kate. ‘Codicology and Palaeography’ video lecture. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_r3EQtyYSCw

Murray, Kevin. 2001. ‘The Finding of the Táin’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 41 (Summer), 17–23

‘Sewing the Gatherings’ virtual exhibition: https://exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu/craftandcodex/hotspots/sewing-the-gatherings

Short videos on manuscript production:

• Vellum: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-SpLPFaRd0
• Quills: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocnhYzKLeHU
• Ink: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7k4-wj8mZ8
• Pigment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIf-9s5Lvos
• Paint: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TaIlRuDGhlg
• The page: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRlWpKRm0WU
• Assembling the manuscript: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nuNfdHNTv9o

Main topics addressed: Irish language, Latin, ogam (ogham), Ogma, early medieval Ireland.

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gg2THDqf5Tm0JpaIus2zgpSzKA7-1oaOhbGndYL1wA0/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

Binchy, D. A. 1961. ‘The Background of Early Irish Literature’, Studia Hibernica 1, 7-18.

Carey, John. 2014. ‘Ogmios and the Eternal Word’, Cosmos, 30, 1-35.

Celtic Inscribed Stones Project (CISP) http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/ 

Charles-Edwards, T. 1995. ‘Language and Society Among the Insular Celts, AD 400-1000’, in The Celtic World, ed. M.J. Green, 703-736.

Clinton, Mark. 2001. Souterrains of Ireland (Wordwell Ltd).

Gutiérrez, Verónica A. 2019. ‘A Procession Through the Milpas: Indigenous-Christian ritual in Cholula, Pueblo, Mexico’, Fides et Historia 51(1), 105-123.

Harvey, A. 1987. ‘Early Literacy in Ireland: The Evidence from Ogam’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 14, 1-15.

Macalister, R. A. S. 1945. Corpus inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum, 2 vols, vol. 1 (Dublin: Stationery Office).

Mac Cana, P. 1970. ‘The Three Languages and the Three Laws’, Studia Celtica 5, 62-78; 62-66.

MacNeill, E. 1908-1909. ‘Notes on the distribution, history, grammar and import of the Irish Ogham Inscriptions’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 27C, 329-70: 329-34.

MacNeill, E. 1922. ‘A Pioneer of Nations’, Studies 11, 13-28, 435-46.

MacNeill, E. 1931. ‘Beginnings of the Latin Culture in Ireland’, Studies 20, 39-48.

McManus, D. 1991. A Guide to Ogam, Maynooth Monographs 4.

Ogam in 3D http://ogham.celt.dias.ie/ 

Russel, James R. Zoroastrianism in Armenia (Thesis, University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies).

Stevenson, J. 1989. ‘The Beginnings of Literacy in Ireland’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 89C, 127-65.

Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien (TITUS) http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/ogam/frame/htm 

Thomas, Charles. 1994. And Shall These Mute Stones Speak? Post-Roman Inscriptions in Western Britain (University of Wales Press).

Waddell, John. 2014. “The cave of Crúachain and the Otherworld”, in: Jacqueline Borsje, Ann Dooley, Séamus Mac Mathúna, and Gregory Toner (eds), Celtic cosmology: perspectives from Ireland and Scotland 26 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies), 77–92.

Main topics addressed: Saint Patrick, hagiography, Christianity, paganism, early medieval Ireland

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sdX_pAGLVz2pp2YWMYzGkJ20STLtKxjzX8nB6sLMpsE/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

Bieler, L. 2011. ‘Muirchú’s Text in English’.  https://confessio.ie/more/muirchu_english# 

Bieler, L. 2011. ‘Tírechán’s Text in English’. https://confessio.ie/more/tirechan_english# 

Carey, J. (with O’Loughlin, T.). 2006. ‘Christianity, Celtic’ in Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia vol 2, ed. by Koch, J. T.

McCarthy, P. 2011. ‘Confession’. https://confessio.ie/etexts/confessio_english# 

Wycherley, N. The Medieval Irish History Podcast, https://x.com/EarlyIrishPod 

Main topics addressed: Iron Age, Tara, sacred kingship, sovereignty goddesses, and rather odd job requirements.

This episode contains references to alcohol, sex, and nudity.

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1l7tgf2gkqBgVRw8D-awpWCYyDY3M9v0RUkmiNOrghXE/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

Bhreathnach, E. (ed.) 2005. The Kingship and Landscape of Tara.

Bhreathnach, E. and Newman, C. 1995. Tara.

Carey, J. 2005. ‘Tara and the Supernatural’ in The Kingship and Landscape of Tara, ed. by E. Bhreathnach (Dublin: Four Courts Press), 32-48.

Dillon, M. 1946. ‘Baile in Scáil: The Phantom's Frenzy’ in The Cycle of Kings, electronic ed. https://www.ancienttexts.org/library/celtic/ctexts/phantom.html

Grogan, E. 2009. The Rath of the Synods, Tara, Co. Meath: Excavations by Seán P. Ó Ríordáin.

Gwynn, L. ‘De Síl Chonairi Móir’ in Ériu 6 (1912), 130-143 (pp. 138-141).

Herbert, M. 1992. Goddess and King: The Sacred Marriage in Early Ireland in Women and Sovereignty ed by L. Fradenburg.

Hull, V. ‘Geneamuin Chormaic’ in Ériu 16 (1952), 79-85 (§10); available at Irish Sagas Online: https://iso.ucc.ie/Geneamuin-chormaic/Geneamuin-chormaic-text.html#Section_10 

Koch, J. and Carey, J. (eds). 2003. The Celtic Heroic Age 4th edn: ‘Echtra Mac nEchach’ (The Adventures of the Sons of Eochaid Mugmedón), pp. 203-208 and ‘Togail Bruidne Da Derga’ (The Destruction of Da Derga’s Hostel), pp. 166-169 (§1-15).

Newman, C. ‘Procession and Symbolism at Tara: Analysis of Tech Midchúarta (the “Banqueting Hall”) in the context of the sacral campus’ in  OJA 26/4 (Nov. 2007), 415–438.

Ó Bróin, T. ‘Lia Fáil: Fact and Fiction in the Tradition’ Celtica 21 (1990), pp. 393-401.

O’Sullivan, A. and Kinsella, J. 2013. ‘Living with a sacred landscape: interpreting the early medieval archaeology of the Hill of Tara and its environs, AD 400-1100.’ in M. O’Sullivan (ed.) Tara: from the past to the future, pp 321-344.

Stokes, W. The Rennes Dindshenchas https://www.ucd.ie/tlh/trans/ws.rc.15.001.t.text.html

Wadell, J. 2022. The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland new edn, Ch.9.

What the Folklore? (comedy podcast) https://www.wtfolklorepodcast.com/ 

Main topics addressed: Iron Age, Irish language, Scholar's Primer, Book of Invasions, Sons of Míl, poets and poetry.

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dV3Wovl92aqXdrFQvsHiaDfrJ7MFokcJnpohULT9-ng/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

Calder, G. Auraicept na nÉces: The Scholar’s Primer. Edinburgh: John Grant, 1917.

James, S. Exploring the World of the Celts (London: Thames & Hudson, 2005), pp. 152-163.

Macalister, R. A. S. Lebor Gabála Érenn vol 5. Dublin: Irish Texts Society, 1956.

Twist, C., Raferty, B., et al. Philip's Atlas of the Celts. Dublin: George Philip Limited, 2001, pp. 14-17.

Note this episode contains reference to violence and sexual topics.

Main topics addressed: Iron Age, Navan Fort (Emain Macha), Corlea Trackway, La Tène.

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YLhg0DDC7mZqkCyB8zFIh00vIPUBb8IXb6ugeO6t5AY/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

A Barbary Ape Skull from Navan Fort, Co. Armagh: http://irisharchaeology.ie/2014/05/a-barbary-ape-skull-from-navan-fort-co-armagh/ 

Aerial Views of Ireland’s Ancient Royal Sites: http://irisharchaeology.ie/2014/10/aerial-views-of-irelands-ancient-royal-sites/ 

Bergin, O. and Best, R. I. Tochmarc Étaíne electronic ed, Cork: CELT, 2005, §3.8 https://iso.ucc.ie/Tochmarc-etaine/Tochmarc-etaine-text.html

Best, R. I., Bergin, O. and O'Brien, M. A. (eds). 2008. Book of Leinster vol 1 electronic ed. Cork: CELT, Section 2 (pp. 79-80) https://celt.ucc.ie/published/G800011A/index.html 

Gosling, P. ‘Placing Names in Táin Bó Cúailnge: “Findabair Chúailnge” and “Findabair Sléibe”’, Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society 28(3) (2015), 309-325.

Gwynn, E. The Metrical Dindshenchas vol 4. Dublin: Irish Texts Society, pp. 3-9, 125-131, 309-311. Available electronically at https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T106500D/index.html

James, S. Exploring the World of the Celts. London: Thames & Hudson, 1993.

Keating, G. (2002, 2010) The History Of Ireland vol 2 electronic ed. Cork: CELT, pp. 153-157 (Sec 28), https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100054/index.html

O'Donovan, J. (trans) The Annals of the Four Masters electronic ed. Cork: CELT, M4470.0-M4546.1 https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100005A/index.html 

O'Sullivan, A. ‘Exploring past people's interactions with wetland environments in Ireland’, in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 107 (2007), 147–203.

Twist, C., Raferty, B., et al. Philip's Atlas of the Celts. Dublin: George Philip Limited, 2001.

‘Visit Armagh’ website on Navan Fort/Emhain Mhacha: https://visitarmagh.com/places-to-explore/navan-centre-fort/ 

Wooding, J. M. ‘The Idea Of The Celt’ in Atherton, M. (ed) Celts And Christians. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 39-59.

Main topics addressed: solar myth theory, podcast schedule and format.

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xdtnXBSQWZbO-Nursb4yZ_uUDP6LFqRL-ONVrVoRDTM/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

Chatterton, G. Rambles in the South of Ireland During the Year 1838. London: Saunders and Otley, 1839. https://archive.org/details/ramblesinsouthi03chatgoog/mode/2up 

Davies, E. Mythology and Rites of the British Druids. London: J. Booth, 1809. https://archive.org/details/mythologyritesof00davirich/mode/2up 

Georgiou, A. ‘Man Finds Prehistoric Hilltop Tomb With “Sun Altar”' Lost for 180 Years’, Newsweek 24 Jan 2024 [Accessed 25 Feb 2024] https://www.newsweek.com/man-finds-prehistoric-tomb-sun-altar-lost-180-years-1863597 

Müller, M. Comparative Mythology: An Essay. London: George Routledge and Sons Limited, 1909 (originally published 1856). https://archive.org/details/comparativemytho00ml/page/n3/mode/2up

Note this episode contains reference to violence and sexual topics.

Main topics addressed: The Book of Invasions, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Classical propaganda, 'Royal Sites' of Ireland.

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JPExwyR2iRlRm9K-SErcv6fBmOwfgdRimqhTzuN9ZZA/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

An Iron Age bog body and his leather arm ring: http://irisharchaeology.ie/2015/05/treasures-from-the-bog-an-iron-age-leather-arm-ring-from-co-offaly/ 

Bronze Age artefacts: http://irisharchaeology.ie/?s=bronze+age 

Fraser, J. ‘The First Battle of Moytura.’ Ériu 8 (1915), pp. 1-63.

Koch, J. and Carey, J (eds.). The Celtic Heroic Age 4th ed. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications, 2003.

Macalister, R. A. S. Lebor Gabála Érenn vol 3. Dublin: Irish Texts Society, 1940.

O’Toole, F., ‘Bronze Age Dugout Canoe, Circa 2200 BC’, The Irish Times (2011).

Note this episode contains references to sex, rape, and incest.

Main topics addressed: The Wooing of Étaín, Neolithic passage tombs, the Irish Otherworld, Newgrange, dindshenchas, cultural memory.

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/12e4aV8oAGNK8BCMSYGJirXXXAyRj96zcon0itKHDWfM/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

Bergin, O. and Best, R. I. ‘Tochmarc Étaíne’, Ériu, 12 (1938), pp. 142-193. Available on Irish Sagas Online: https://iso.ucc.ie/Tochmarc-etaine/Tochmarc-etaine-text.html 

Gwynn, E. The Metrical Dindshenchas vol. 3. Dublin: Irish Texts Society

• Vol 3: ‘Boand II’ and ‘Cnogba’ (Knowth), available on CELT: https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T106500C/index.html 
• Vol 4: ‘Dubad’ (Dowth), available on CELT: https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T106500D/index.html 

Koch, J. T. and Carey, J., The Celtic Heroic Age, pp. 144-145 (‘The Origin of Dowth’)

O’Kelly, M. J. et al. Newgrange: Archaeology, Art, and Legend (London 1982).

Newgrange and the Winter Solstice: http://irisharchaeology.ie/2011/12/newgrange-and-the-winter-solstice/

Stout, G. and Stout, M. Newgrange (Cork, 2008).

Timeline of Archaelogical Periods in Ireland:  http://irisharchaeology.ie/work/

Note this episode contains sexual references..

Main topics addressed: The Book of Invasions, Mesolithic Period, Neolithic Period, Megalithic Tombs.

Transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WcErp75tLxcO-d_y7-T33edB21wQYFx1bqMZQ509fhw/edit?usp=sharing

References and Suggested Media:

‘Ceide Fields & Downpatrick Head’, Marren's Magical Mayo, 2020: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LABxH9VFiTY 

Daltun, E. (2022) An Irish Atlantic Rainforest. Dublin: Hachette Books Ireland, pp. 126-129.

Macalister, R. A. S. (1939) Lebor Gabála Érenn vol 2. Dublin: Educational Co. of Ireland. pp. 182-195, 210-229, 268-273.

'Mount Sandel, a Mesolithic Campsite', Irish Archaeology. http://irisharchaeology.ie/2013/07/mount-sandel-a-mesolithic-campsite/ 

‘Mountsandel Hidden Heritage’, NIEA 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YXXdqCAn38 

Snook, J. ‘Ceide Fields’, 9 October 2020, World History Encyclopedia Online. https://www.worldhistory.org/Ceide_Fields/